The connectivity of the pores cannot be established unequivocally from SEM photomicrographs, but they likely contribute to the creation and preservation of effective porosity and gas storage capacity of these rocks.Īn increasing production of drinking water and a significant amount of waste in the form of treated sludge can lead to a serious environmental problem. In places diagenetic cements, such as quartz overgrowths or carbonate cements keep pores propped open. Pores caused by partial dissolution of carbonate grains also occur. Phyllosilicate framework pores between brittle grains are commonly observed. Organic matter pores developed in deeper, thermally mature samples. During diagenesis nanometer to micrometer size pores developed because of specific mineral frameworks and dissolution processes. Illitization also provided Si for local quartz cementation. Based on petrographic evidence, the cations resulting from the illitization of smectite were the source of a variety of late diagenetic mineral cements, such as Fe and Mg for chlorite formation and for ferroan dolomite precipitation.
The R1 transformation of the mixed-layer I-S occurs at approximately 3000 m and vitrinite reflectance values of 0.4 % to 0.6 %. The ordering of the mixed layer I-S changes with increasing depth from R0 to R1 and R3. Diagenesis has involved a gradual transformation of smectite to illite through mixed-layer I-S intermediates.
The quantities of I-S and kaolinite decrease with depth, whereas illite and chlorite increase with depth. The clay fraction contains a prominent illite-smectite (I-S) mixed-layer phase, illite, chlorite and kaolinite. The bulk samples contain quartz, minor amounts of plagioclase, pyrite and a large but variable proportion of calcite the clay mineral content ranges from 14 to 47%. Core samples from wells over a true vertical depth range of 1400 m to 8551 m were available. The quick and safer ColdBlock TM digestion method could be used for Bismuth (Bi), Molybdenum (Mo), and several rare earth element analyses indicated by their recoveries being close to the bomb digestion method.ĭiagenetic processes and pore development in the matrix of the 1000 m thick main source rock for oil and gas in the Vienna Basin, the autochthonous Malmian mudstones of the Mikulov Formation have been studied. The hot plate digestion method for tungsten mine tailings was not recommended, because of poor recoveries of trace elements compared to the bomb digestion method. The results showed that alkali fusion is the best method for major elements analysis, while bomb digestion is the best method for tungsten and trace element analysis, but volatile chlorite loss was also observed. Additionally, an alkali fusion for major element analysis was also applied and tested. We tested three different digestion methods (hotplate digestion, bomb digestion, and ColdBlock TM digestion) and compared the results. In this study, an innovative method was developed to achieve the complete digestion of tungsten tailings. These tailings could also potentially turn into valuable resources if we thoroughly characterise their geochemical composition. There are millions of tons of current and legacy mineral processing tungsten tailings worldwide that can potentially contaminate the environment and pose human health risks. Tungsten is a critical element used in the industry with increasing global demand.
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